E-V22

From Haplowiki

E-V22 is a Y chromosome haplogroup defined by the mutation V22. It is a sub-clade of E-M78. It's phylogenetic name according to the E haplogroup page on ISOGG's website is E1b1b1a3.

This clade comprises most of those classified in the "delta cluster" of Cruciani et al. (2004). Cruciani et al. (2006) later noted that "E-V22 and E-V12* chromosomes are intermingled and not clearly differentiated by their microsatellite haplotypes".

This sub-clade of E-M78 is "relatively common" (Cruciani et al. (2007)) in the Horn of Africa and Egypt, with higher microsatellite variance (0.35 vs. 0.46, respectively) in Egypt. In the article announcing this first information, Cruciani et al. (2007) described it as uncommon in Western Asia and the authors proposed Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya) as this sub-clade's likely place of origin.

Hassan et al. (2008) also reported a significant presence in neighboring Sudan, making up about 30% of the diverse range of the country's E-M78 lineages in their study, including 8 out of 26 Fulani (about 31%), a widely-dispersed pastoral people. (Rosa et al. (2007) in a study of Guinea Bissau, showed that the Fulani there are about 10% E-M78. Note that this study did not test specifically for V12 or V22, so the E-M78 may have a different exact breakdown of diversity as well as a lower frequency.)

E-V22 was also present in much smaller frequencies amongst the Shilluk (2 of 15 samples, 13%) and Dinka (3 of 26, 8%) Nilotes of Southern Sudan. Hassan et al. suggest that E-V22, like E-V12, might have entered Sudan from North Africa "after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago". They add that the gene flow to Sudan "is not only recent (Holocene onward) but also largely of focal nature", and that "most speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages, the major linguistic family spoken in the country, show very little evidence of gene flow and demonstrate low migration rate, with exception of the Nubians, who appear to have sustained considerable gene flow from Asia and Europe together with the Beja."

Other frequencies reported by Cruciani et al. (2007) include Asturians (4.44% out of 90 people), Sicilians (4.58% out of 153 people), Moroccan Arabs (7.27%, 55 people) and Wikipedia:Moroccan Jews (8%, 50 people), Istanbul Turkish (5.71% out of 35 people), and Palestinians (6.9% out of 29 people). Cadenas et al. (2007) found a 6.7% presence in the UAE.

Sub Clades

There are two recognized sub-clades, which are apparently separate, although Karafet (2008) remarked that at the time of that article, "the positions of these mutations have not been resolved because of a lack of a DNA sample containing the derived state at [...] V19".

• E1b1b1a3a. Defined by M148. Underhill et al. (2000) found 1 example in the Indian subcontinent. Cruciani et al. (2006) calls M148 "rare and rather uninformative".

• E1b1b1a3b. Defined by V19. Cruciani et al. (2007) found 2 exemplars in Sardinia.

Haplotypes

Using STR haplotypes, E-V22 is difficult to distinguish for certain from other E-M78 types, especially with the small numbers of stable markers as in most published studies. However, we can summarize modals, and using the E-M35 Phylogeny Project database, together with the data collected in Cruciani 2007, we can run the tightest possible searchs available on the YHRD database. This search was done February 2009.

Search Parameters	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	439	389-1	392	389-2	458	437	448	460	gatah4	ycaiia	ycaiib	456	438	413a	413b	DYS461	GATAA10
E-M35 Project E-V22 modal	13	24	14	10	17	19	12	13	11	30	16	14	20	11	11	19	22	15	10	22	22
E-M35 Project E-V22 max	15	25	15	11	19	20	14	14	12	31	18	14	21	12	13	22	23	17	10	23	24
E-M35 Project E-V22 min	12	20	12	10	15	17	11	12	11	28	15	14	19	10	10	18	20	14	10	20	20
Cruciani E-V22 modals	13		14	10			12							11		19	22			22	23	10	12
Cruciani E-V22 max	14		17	12			14							12		20	24			25	25	12	13
Cruciani E-V22 min	12		12	9			10							9		18	19			20	21	9	11
E-M35 Project E-M78 modal	13	24	13	10	16	18	12	13	11	30	15	14	20	9	11	19	21	16	10	23	24
E-M35 Project E-M78 max	15	25	15	11	19	21	14	14	12	32	18	15	23	11	13	21	22	18	12	25	25
E-M35 Project E-M78 min	11	21	11	9	14	14	10	11	11	28	14	14	18	8	9	17	20	14	10	22	23
Cruciani E-M78 modals	13		13	10			12							9		19	21			23	24	10	13
Cruciani modal of sub-group modals	13		13	10			12							11		19	21			22	23	9	13
YHRD search, max markers	13	24	14	10	17	19	12	13	11	30	16	14	20		11			15	10
YHRD search, min markers	13	24	14	10	17	19		13	11	30

Doing this search with all possible YHRD markers gives zeros hits however, and zero hits for neighbour haplotypes. By using the core markers, we make sure we search the widest version of the YHRD database, but then less strictly. With this search there are 5 hits.

n of N	Geoposition [Population]	Metapopulation	Continent
1 of 126	Kuwait [Kuwaiti]	Afroeurasian - Semitic	Asia
1 of 97	Reggio di Calabria, Italy [Italian]	Eurasian - European - South-Eastern European	Europe
1 of 52	Qena, Upper Egypt [Egyptian]	Afroeurasian - Semitic	Africa
1 of 215	Novi Sad, Serbia [Serbian]	Eurasian - European - South-Eastern European	Europe
1 of 224	Barcelona, Spain [Spanish]	Eurasian - European - Western European	Europe

The one-step neighbour haplotype with the most hits is by changing DYS19 to 13, which will makes the haplotype very close to the more common E-V13, and gives many European hits. Ignoring that neighbour haplotype, there are several others which show more than one hit...

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385	number
14	14	31	24	10	11	13	17,19	7
14	13	30	24	10	11	13	16,19	7
14	13	30	24	10	11	13	17,18	6
14	13	30	24	10	11	13	18,19	6
14	13	30	24	11	11	13	17,19	2

These were found in the following places...

n of N	Geoposition [Population]	Metapopulation	Continent
1 of 1177	Antioquia, Colombia [Mestizo]	Admixed	Latin America
1 of 70	Assiut, Upper Egypt [Egyptian]	Afroeurasian - Semitic	Africa
1 of 185	Bialystok, Poland [Polish]	Eurasian - European - Eastern European	Europe
1 of 411	Bydgoszcz, Poland [Polish]	Eurasian - European - Eastern European	Europe
2 of 59	Catanzaro, Italy [Italian]	Eurasian - European - South-Eastern European	Europe
1 of 173	Ethiopia [Amharic]	Afroeurasian - Semitic	Africa
1 of 218	Illinois, United States [African American]	African - Afro-American	North America
1 of 126	Iraq [Kurds]	Eurasian - Altaic	Asia
1 of 126	Kuwait [Kuwaiti]	Afroeurasian - Semitic	Asia
2 of 224	Latium, Italy [Italian]	Eurasian - European - Western European	Europe
1 of 70	Misiones, Argentina [European]	Eurasian - European	Latin America
1 of 30	Piazza Armerina, Italy [Italian]	Eurasian - European - South-Eastern European	Europe
2 of 36	Ploiesti, Romania [Romanian]	Eurasian - European - South-Eastern European	Europe
1 of 52	Qena, Upper Egypt [Egyptian]	Afroeurasian - Semitic	Africa
1 of 130	Rabat, Morocco [Arabs]	Afroeurasian - Semitic	Africa
1 of 47	Rasht, Iran [Gilaki]	Eurasian - Indo Iranian	Asia
1 of 135	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [African]	African - Afro-American	Latin America
1 of 224	Rio Negro, Argentina [European]	Eurasian - European	Latin America
1 of 128	Sanaa, Yemen [Yemeni]	Afroeurasian - Semitic	Asia
2 of 314	Sicily, Italy [Italian]	Eurasian - European - South-Eastern European	Europe
4 of 1237	United States [Hispanic American]	Admixed	North America